Les forces armées du Kazakhstan se sont construites sur les ruines des forces armées soviétiques du district militaire du Turkestan, stationnées au Kazakhstan, lesquelles sont officiellement dissoutes le 30 juin 1992. Le plus gros des forces du district militaire du Turkestan constituent alors le cœur de la nouvelle Armée qui acquiert toutes les unités de la 40ème Armée (ex 32ème Armée), une partie du 17ème corps d'armée, 6 divisions terrestres, les bases logistiques, les 14° et 35° brigades aériennes, 2 brigades lance-missiles, 2 régiments d'artillerie et de nombreux autres équipements retirés de la partie occidentale de l'Oural. A celle-ci s'ajoutent les forces de défense aériennes, 3 brigades de forces aériennes mobiles et les forces d'artillerie et de missiles qui ont été séparées en branche distincte depuis le 7 mai 2003. Au milieu des années 1990, les forces terrestres du Kazakhstan inclues le 1er Corps d'armée (état-major de Semipalatinsk), avec la 68e (l'ancien 372e Red Banner Novgorod Rifle Div) division d'infanterie mécanisée (Ozek Sary, dans la province de Kyzylorda), 4 divisions d'infanterie mécanisée et un régiment de chars et de la 78e Division Tank (Ayaguz). Bien que la 68e division soit une formation d'infanterie mécanisée, elle dispose de près de 600 chars et 500 véhicules blindés de combat. La 78e division blindée avait 550 chars, 390 véhicules blindés de combat et 190 pièces d'artillerie. Le 210e Centre de formation (une ancienne division d'infanterie mécanisée) comprenant 15.000 soldats et officiers et 220 chars et 220 pièces d'artillerie, était une division renforcée. (Il a été souvent appelé la Division des Gardes selon des sources kazakhes).
Organisation des Armées
Le Kazakhstan maintien des forces navales en opération sur la Mer Caspienne, avec une force de 3000 hommes équipés de 12 patrouilleurs de type Almaty (4), Dauntless(1), Guardian(5), Zhuk(2)
La carte militaire du Kazakhstan est composée de 4 zones de défense terrestres :
La zone de défense d'Astana
La zone de défense Sud à Taraz
La zone de défense Est à Semipalatinsk
La zone de défense Ouest à Aktobe
En outre, il existe une élite militaire appelée Garde Républicaine, avec 3500 soldats (1997). Cette force fait partie de l'armée de terre. Il existe également des Commandos d'élite de l'armée, spec-ops forces de la KNB (agence de renseignement).
Développements récents
Depuis 2000, le Kazakhstan a fait rapidement croître la capacité de son armée. Beaucoup de systèmes proviennent encore de Russie, avec également un petit nombre de systèmes américains entré en service dans l'inventaire Kazakh. Le plus gros développement de l'Armée du Kazakhstan a été centré sur les unités blindées dans les dernières années. Depuis 1990, des unités blindées se sont développées pour atteindre jusqu'à 1600 blindés entre 2005 et 2008. Beaucoup d'entre eux sont hérités de l'ère soviétique. L'Armée Kazakhe s'est projetée pour la première fois hors de ses frontières en 2003, en détachant en Irak, 49 ingénieurs militaires au sein de la division multinationale du Centre-Sud, sous commandement US. Elle sort également de ses frontières afin de s'entrainer dans le cadre de manœuvres communes aux pays de l'Organisation de Coopération de Shangaï. En 2008, seul 0,9% de son PIB part en dépenses militaire (à comparer à 2,6% pour la France, 4% pour la Russie, les USA et la Chine et 2% en moyenne mondiale). Ce niveau correspond à l'esprit de neutralité que souhaite conserver le Kazakhstan (à comparer avec la Suisse 1% du PIB)
Conscription
Les citoyens âgés de 18 à 27 ans sont assujettis à la conscription. Sur les 70.000 hommes présents dans les effectifs de l'armée kazakhe, on considère qu'il y a environ 65% de militaire de carrière ou sous contrat. Un plan stratégique datant de 2007 prévoyait un passage à une armée de métier. Cependant, la crise financière et économique qui s'est installée au même moment au Kazakhstan a fait émerger le débat sur la conscription qui risque au contraire de renforcer l'ancien système de conscription afin de drainer les jeunes kazakhs sans emploi.
Composition ethnique
A l'indépendance les officiers des forces en stationnement au Kazakhstan étaient au trois quarts russes et les hommes du rang essentiellement kazakhs. Très rapidement les autorités kazakhes ont cherché à modifier la représentation ethnique en envoyant notamment dès 1994, 200 officiers kazakhs en formation dans les académies militaires russes sur les 480 officiers à former, ce qui été conforme aux vœux du président Nazarbaiev de composer une armée ethniquement équilibrée.
Formation
Il existe un Corps des cadets appelé École républicaine « Jas Oulan » qui accueille et instruit 4000 enfants dès l'âge de 12 ans. Les principales tâches de ces écoles militaires nationales consistent à dispenser un enseignement général obligatoire, inculquer les rudiments de l'éducation militaire, enseigner le respect des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales, favoriser l'épanouissement de la personnalité, des talents et des capacités physiques et intellectuelles, et préparer à une vie responsable, dans un esprit de paix, de tolérance et d'égalité. Les élèves de ces écoles ne peuvent pas être impliqués dans des conflits armés ou à de quelconques activités ou hostilités à caractère militaire. A partir de 16 ans, les élèves des écoles militaires se voient dispenser des cours théoriques sur la constitution de différents types d'armes sans qu'il y ait de manipulations pratiques. Les cadets qui le souhaitent peuvent intégrer l'armée à 18 ans s'ils le souhaitent.
Certains des officiers supérieurs de l'Armée kazakhe sont formés à l'étranger dont une bonne partie à l'académie militaire de WestPoint aux États-Unis et un officier à l'école militaire de Paris (2007-2008).
Budget Militaire
1996 KZT 8 bn max avec 120000 hommes 2001 KZT 24 bn (USD174.66m) 2002 KZT 33.7bn (USD245.25m) 2003 KZT 41.9bn (USD304.93m) - 1% GDP 2008 0,9% du PIB
Dernière édition par khaybar le Sam 11 Sep 2010 - 4:46, édité 2 fois
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Yakuza Administrateur
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Sam 26 Mai 2012 - 14:26
juba2 a écrit:
yakuza pourquoi les avions russes ont toujours de la fumee noire derriere eux.ils devaient rectifier c'est tres mauvais pour la detection.je n'ai jamais pu comprendre ,peut etr le kerozene need tweaking and add on.
sorry didn´t see...systeme IFF russe pour se reconnaitre de tres loin well,d´apres ce que j´ai lu une fois d´un tech engines,d´abord a cause de mauvaise culture de maintenance,et les moteurs russes en general,et le klimov RD-33 en particulier,have bad combustion chamber design,ne permettent pas une combustion complete en passage military power#max power et inversement,ajoute a ca la mauvaise qualité du fuel utilisé,autres que les JP-5/8 qu´utilisent les avions US. le F4 avait le meme probleme aussi
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Sam 26 Mai 2012 - 14:33
et le F16 aussi
Spoiler:
Yakuza Administrateur
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Sam 26 Mai 2012 - 14:49
chaque avion a son smoke combustion oblige,ce que tu vois la c´est normal,par contre ca n´arrive jamais au smoke trail connu des Mig29 tiens,pas la peine de praparer une page photobucket pour trouve moi mieux que ca
ca crie lookez moi martiens
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Sam 26 Mai 2012 - 15:08
Yakuza a écrit:
ca crie lookez moi martiens
Tu n'es pas objectif Yakuza Je crois que la fumée sert à mettre en évidence les acrobaties effectuées par l'avion C'est donc fait exprès
Yakuza Administrateur
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Sam 26 Mai 2012 - 15:16
ah mince, j´avoue ne pas avoir vu le genie artistique
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lemay Lt-colonel
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Lun 28 Mai 2012 - 19:00
je crois qu'il est au diesel avec un filtre crasseux et du diesel pompé au mazout d'une chaudiere
osmali Aspirant
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mer 4 Juil 2012 - 21:09
_________________ "Do you believe a man can change his destiny?" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XogzGNXpRoM
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mer 11 Juil 2012 - 9:48
Citation :
Le Kazakhstan espère recevoir des missiles S-300 d'ici 2013
Le Kazakhstan espère équiper en 2013 son armée de systèmes de missiles sol-air S-300, a annoncé mercredi aux journalistes le chef des Troupes de DCA du pays Nourjan Moukanov.
"Le travail sur les questions liées aux systèmes S-300 se poursuit, nous espérons des suites positives d'ici 2013", a déclaré M. Moukanov à l'issue d'une réunion du Conseil de coordination de la CEI pour la DCA, tenue au Kirghizstan.
Les missiles sol-air S-300 russes sont destinés à la protection des sites industriels et administratifs, des bases militaires et des postes de commandement contre les attaques aériennes et spatiales. Les S-300 sont capables de détruire les missiles balistiques et de croisière, ainsi que d'abattre les avions à une distance de 150 km et à une altitude allant jusqu'à 27 km.
Caractéristiques du S-300P
http://fr.ria.ru/defense/20120711/195317082.html
Fremo Administrateur
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Dim 22 Juil 2012 - 16:00
SU27UBM
Mig29
Mig27
Su25
Mig31
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mar 7 Aoû 2012 - 8:55
Fremo Administrateur
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Sam 15 Sep 2012 - 13:17
Almtay 14-09-12
Mig-29
Mig-29UB
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Ven 21 Sep 2012 - 18:26
Les Kazakhs "améliorent" leurs Flankers en... Biélorussie .
Citation :
Recce Flankers for Kazakhstan. Belarus has developped an upgrade package for the Kazakh Air Force (KAF), converting the Sukhoi Su-27 for Reco mission. The upgrade is offered by the 558th ARZ based at Baranovichi AB and is designed to be allied with Kazakhstan's modernised Su-27 fleet. The single-seat Reco version is designated Sukhoi Su-27BM1R, while the 2 seaters is the Sukhoi Su-27BM2R. The 558th ARZ was responsible for previous upgrades of Kazakh Flankers, producing 7 Su-27BM1 aircraft & 3 Su-27UBM2 jets between 2007 & 2010. CAM Septembre 2012.
Fremo Administrateur
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mer 26 Sep 2012 - 19:54
... et leur Mig-29 en Ukraine ?
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augusta General de Division
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mar 27 Nov 2012 - 10:39
Citation :
Kazakh air force fleet replenished with AN-72 military aircraft
11/27/2012 The Kazakh military aircraft fleet has been replenished, the country's Defence Ministry press service reported. 'The Kazakh Air Force military transport aircraft fleet has been replenished by an Antonov family - AN-72cargo jet. The aircraft has been repaired and reequipped at the 325 Aircraft Repair Plant in the city of Taganrog, Russia and was delivered to one of the Kazakh army air bases on Monday', the statement said.
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Jeu 27 Déc 2012 - 11:13
Citation :
Dec. 26, 2012 - 08:41AM | By AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE ASTANA, Kazakhstan — Kazakhstan on Dec. 26 mourned the deaths of 27 people in one of its worst aviation disasters, a tragedy that wiped out much of the top echelon of the state border service, including the acting chief.
The KNB state security service confirmed that all 27 crew and servicemen onboard the An-72 military jet were killed Dec. 25 when it crashed close to Shymkent airport in the south of the country.
“All 27 occupants of the aircraft, including seven crew members, have perished,” the National Security Service (KNB) said in a statement.
The victims included the acting head of the Kazakh federal border service, Turganbek Stambekov, and his wife, the statement said. The disaster also claimed the lives of much of the top leadership of the border service, with a total of 11 top officials killed in the disaster. Another five lieutenant colonels from the regional Ontustik border unit were killed as well as three rank-and-file servicemen.
Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev declared Dec. 27 a day of national mourning and expressed his “deepest condolences to the families and loved ones of the dead,” the presidency said. He ordered a full investigation of the causes of the disaster as well assistance to the victims’ families.
The head of the KNB, Nurtai Abykayev, told reporters in Shymkent that the causes of the disaster could have been “the weather conditions, the human factor and the technical condition of the aircraft.”
The black box of the plane has been found, he added, as quoted by the Interfax-Kazakhstan news agency.
The KNB said the passengers had been attending a meeting of border guards in the capital Astana and were on their way to an end-of-year security meeting in Shymkent.
The 22-year-old plane crashed late Dec. 25 about 20 kilometers (12 miles) from Shymkent airport, where it had been due to land after a flight from Astana. Kazakhstan’s KTK television said the jet fell from a height of 800 meters (2,600 feet). Witnesses also reported hearing a loud explosion at the time of the crash.
Footage of the crash site aired on Kazakh state television on Dec. 26 showed only fragments of the An-72 military transport plane remaining on the ground. But the KNB security service stressed that the plane had recently undergone all the necessary checks and repairs.
“In 2012, it underwent restoration work at the Antonov repair plant in Ukraine,” its statement said. Khabar state television also cited local residents as saying that a heavy winter storm had descended on the region at the time of the accident. It said the plane caught fire after the crash.
Kazakh officials sealed off the site of the disaster on Dec. 26 as they launched an investigation into one of the most serious air accidents in the country’s post-Soviet history.
The border guard service of Kazakhstan — a vast resource-rich nation nestled between China and Russia — had already experienced tragedy this year. Its acting head, Stambekov, was appointed to his post in June after his predecessor was fired following a May incident in which 14 border guards were shot dead in a remote outpost in the south of the country. The sole border guard to survive the shooting confessed during a subsequent trial that he killed his colleagues but retracted his confession after being handed a life sentence, saying unidentified people in civilian clothes were responsible.
Aviation disasters remain a scourge across the former Soviet Union due to aging hardware that often has not been replaced since the fall of the Soviet regime, as well as human error. In November, eight people were killed in Kazakhstan when a Russian-made Mi-8 helicopter crashed while on a pipeline surveillance mission.
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Sam 12 Jan 2013 - 22:05
Su-27 ( révision en Ukraine - 2007 )
Mig-27D
Mig-27M ( révision en Ukraine - 2010 )
Mig-23UB
Su-25 ( Ukrain - 2010 )
An-26 ( Arrivée hier en Ukraine )
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Jeu 17 Jan 2013 - 0:02
Citation :
Airbus Military delivers first two C295 to Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has taken delivery of the first two C295 transport aircraft that it ordered last year, marking Airbus Military´s entry into the CIS regional market.
The aircraft, the first two on firm contract and a further six on options to be progressively confirmed in the coming years, were formally handed over in Sevilla before the ferry flights, via Astana, to Almaty, where they will be based.
They were earlier technically accepted in Seville by a combined team of Kazspetsexport, the Kazakhstan Ministry of Defence, and the Kazakhstan Air Forces.
Both aircraft will be used in support of transport missions throughout the nation´s vast territory. The purchase contract additionally covers the related service support package for spare parts and ground support equipment.
Airbus Military Senior Vice President Commercial, Antonio Rodríguez-Barberán, said: “We greatly appreciate the high level of professionalism and strong commitment shown by the relevant Kazakh institutions in ensuring the smooth and mutually rewarding execution of this agreement.It is a great pleasure to welcome the Air Forces of Kazakhstan into the worldwide family of C295 operators and we are committed to providing the required level of support for our new customer for many years to come.” The attached photo shows one of the aircraft before their departure from Seville.
About C295 The new generation C295 is the ideal aircraft for defence and civic mission to the benefit of society, such as humanitarian actions, maritime patrol, and environmental surveillance missions, amongst others. Thanks to its robustness and reliability, and with simple systems, this medium sized tactical airlifter provides wide versatility and flexibility, necessary for personnel, troop and bulky/palletized cargo transportation, casualty evacuation, communication and logistic duties or certified air-dropping capabilities. Its mix of dual technology civil/military equipment ensure success on demanding tactical mission, growth potential for future equipment as well as compatibility with the latest civil airspace environment. The C295 is part of Airbus Military’s family of light and medium airlifters which also include the smaller C212 and CN235 platforms.
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Lun 4 Mar 2013 - 11:24
Citation :
Kazakhstan's New Drones
Kazakhstan is testing some new unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, aka drones) from Russia, a military official has said. Kazakhstan had tried out UAVs from France and Israel but they didn't do well in the cold weather, said General-Major Almaz Dzhumakeev, commander of Kazakhstan's 36th Air Assault Brigade:
"It's necessary to strengthen the reconnaissance units. There will be a competition, a selection, we will see which is acceptable for us and our climate, taking into account the wind and the cold. There have been UAVs which took off, flew 20 meters and crashed because it was so cold..."
According to the general-major, in 2014 after the selection of the supplier country the UAVs will enter service in the armed reconnaissance units of the armed forces of Kazakhstan. "Most likely, next year they will enter service. Where there is reconnaissance, there will be UAVs," he noted.
Kazakhstan has plans to produce its own drones, and also apparently has plans to buy some small reconnaissance drones from the Russian Irkut Corporation.It's also been looking at Chinese UAVs. It's not clear from the recent news stories, but it seems likely that the Irkuts are what Maj-Gen Dzhumakeev was talking about. From the website Russian Aviation, last October:
The Kazakh Ministry of Defense (MoD) will purchase 10 Irkut-10 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft systems (UAS) from Irkut Corporation, Lenta.ru reports.
The first four UASs will be delivered in 2012. The cost of the vehicles has not been unveiled. According to the president of Yak Alacon, Alexander Toporov, besides Irkut-10 UAVs, Kazakhstan may also purchase a large batch of Irkut-3 UAVs...
Irkut-10 is intended for day-and-night surveillance and reconnaissance. Each Irkut-10 unmanned aircraft system includes 2 UAVs and ground control and maintenance facilities. Each UAV has a maximum endurance of 2 hours and a radius of 70 km. UAV’s maximum speed is 120 km/h. The vehicle’s wing span is 2 m, maximum takeoff weight is 8.5 kg (including maximum payload of 1.5 kg).
Irkut-3 UAS is also formed by two UAVs and control and maintenance facilities. This UAV is relatively compact: it has a wing span of 2 m and takeoff weight of only 3 kg. Its radius is 15 km and its endurance is 75 minutes. The vehicle’s maximum speed is 90 km/h.
Certainly, their origin in Irkutsk would seem to bode well for cold-weather capability. These sorts of small reconnaissance drones are pretty de rigeur for militaries these days; indeed, the remarkable thing is that it seems to have taken this long for Kazakhstan to get them into service.
eurasianet
_________________ Le Prophéte (saw) a dit: Les Hommes Les meilleurs sont ceux qui sont les plus utiles aux autres
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mar 12 Mar 2013 - 1:57
Citation :
Kazakhstan To Produce Armed Helicopters
Kazakhstan is set to expand its production of military helicopters, with the ambition of becoming "one of the world flagships in the production of light attack helicopters," the state defense company Kazakhstan Engineering has announced. The Kazakhs signed a memorandum of cooperation with European defense giant Eurocopter (a division of EADS) to build the EC 645 T2, an armed version of the EC 145 that is already being built in Kazakhstan. From a press release from Kazakhstan Engineering, the state defense company:
According to the document [signed by Kazakhstan Engineering President Bolat Smagulov and Eurocopter Senior Vice President Olivier Lambert] the Joint Stock Company Eurocopter Kazakhstan Engineering, the only manufacturer of the EC 145 in the CIS, will assemble and service military helicopters EC 645 T2.
The agreements ... will allow the joint enterprise to move to a new step of its development, to establish assembly (with the production of some components) of a higher level of technology. The EC 645 T2 helicopter is one of the newest designs available on the world market. At the moment, serial production has not started in any country in the world. In the case of the successful realization of the signed document Kazakhstan will become one of the world flagships in the production of light attack helicopters.
The EC 645 T2 isn't currently in use with any military in the world, but it's a candidate for the U.S. Army's new Armed Aerial Scout helicopter. It boasts advanced laser targeting technology and the ability to be armed with a variety of rockets and guns.
It's not mentioned in Kazakhstan Engineering's press release, but presumably the first customer for the Kazakhstan-produced ED 645 T2s would be Kazakhstan itself. Kazakhstan doesn't really operate anything like this now; its only attack helicopter in service is the bigger Mil Mi-24. And if memory serves, this would be the third military aircraft deal in a row that Kazakhstan has announced that has been with a Western, rather than a Russian company. Kazakhstan's leadership is too careful to say this out loud, but three makes a trend, and it's easy to imagine that Rosoboronexport and the Kremlin are looking askance at this.
http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66673
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Ven 26 Avr 2013 - 13:21
Citation :
Kazakhstan grounds MiG fighter jets after deadly crash
April 25, 2013 - 13:55 AMT PanARMENIAN.Net - Kazakhstan's military authorities have grounded all the nation's MiG fighter jets following a crash earlier this week that killed the pilot and injured the navigator of a MiG-31 interceptor, Kazakhstan’s air force chief said on Thursday, April 25, RIA Novosti reported. The Kazakhstan Air Force Mikoyan MiG-31 interceptor crashed during a training flight in central Kazakhstan on Wednesday. The crew managed to eject from the plane before the crash, but the pilot died. A probe was opened into the accident. “We’ve halted MiG flights until the cause of crash is cleared up,” Kazakhstan's Air Defense Forces chief Lt. Gen. Alexander Sorokin said. The air force said immediately after the crash that a technical problem was the likely cause of the incident. In a statement on Thursday, it said the aircraft had been flying at 3,000 meters altitude (10,000 feet) when it suddenly entered an undemanded roll to the left and entered a steep spiral dive. The pilot tried to recover the aircraft but could not, and as the machine passed 1000 meters altitude the crew ejected, with the navigator leaving the aircraft just before the pilot. The aircraft was diving very rapidly as the crew ejected and the pilot's parachute did not have time to fully deploy, the air force said on its website. The Kazakh Defense Ministry said the aircraft which went down underwent a major overhaul at a Russian factory in December. The MiG-31 was performing its fifth flight that day, and had flown 42 hours since its overhaul. The world's fastest military aircraft in service, the MiG-31 is designed to intercept enemy aircraft at long distances with a powerful radar and weapons system. It is operated only by Kazakhstan and Russia.
http://www.panarmenian.net
_________________ Le Prophéte (saw) a dit: Les Hommes Les meilleurs sont ceux qui sont les plus utiles aux autres
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mer 8 Mai 2013 - 15:50
Parade et manoeuvres militaires des Forces Armées Kazakhs pour célébrer le Jour des Défenseurs de la Patrie, pour la première fois dans l'histoire du pays
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mer 8 Mai 2013 - 21:26
Y a du Otokar Cobra, nice ...
_________________ Site perso : http://defense-turque-infos.com/
augusta General de Division
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Sujet: Re: Armées du Kazakhstan Mar 16 Juil 2013 - 14:17
Citation :
Kazakhstan mulls A400M, orders more C295s Peter Dunai, Budapest - IHS Jane's Defence Weekly 14 July 2013
Kazakhstan is considering the acquisition of two A400M military transport aircraft and establishing a maintenance and service facility for Airbus Military aircraft, the Kazakhstani defence ministry announced in early July.
The official communiqué was published shortly after visits to the former Soviet republic by the head of Airbus Military, Domingo Ureña-Raso, who met with the Kazakhstan defence minister, Adilbek Dzhaksybekov, and the Spanish defence minister, Pedro Morenes.
According to Dzhaksybekov, the A400M will likely be demonstrated at the KADEX 2014 defence industry exhibition in Astana, although Airbus Military did not respond to an IHS Jane's request for comment.
Kazakhstan first voiced interest in the A400M in 2010, when defence officials visited Spain to be briefed by Airbus Military on its latest products
Sam 11 Sep 2010 - 4:37
-République du Kazakhstan (fr)
-Қазақстан Республикасы (kk)
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan
trouve moi mieux que ca
Je crois que la fumée sert à mettre en évidence les acrobaties effectuées par l'avion 
.
Le Prophéte (saw) a dit: Les Hommes Les meilleurs sont ceux qui sont les plus utiles aux autres
